What makes an hour of labour in one society worth more than an hour of labour in another? The answer lies in economic value — the volume of effort a society exerts that is compatible with a specific type of output, as Leibniz first framed it. Put simply, it's the value societies add through their labour force, and in companies specifically, building that value falls to the production manager, whose job is to develop technology that keeps pace with a skilled administrative workforce.

This Arab British Fellowship Training Academy course connects that idea of value to something every society tracks closely: expenditure. National income accounting classifies additional spending into three functional categories, and understanding them is key to understanding a society's real economic value.

By the end of this course, participants will be able to:

• Explain what economic value means for a society and how it connects to expenditure.
• Distinguish between economic, institutional, and waste (loss) expenditures.
• Recognise how a society's spending patterns reflect its real economic value.

This course is designed for:

• Employees of international and multinational companies and organisations.
• Staff of government institutions involved in commercial affairs.
• Business owners and investors planning ventures outside their home country.
• Anyone looking to develop themselves in this field.

Module 1: Economic Expenditures

• Services and jobs that carry positive economic value for a society because of their role in production and in the financial and subsistence division among families.
• Medical services that preserve the health of the society and its population.
• Educational services built on foundations that match the society's culture.
• Scientific and engineering services tied to producing physical commodities or developing the infrastructure that helps produce and distribute them.

Module 2: Institutional Expenditures

• Government spending on managing the army, internal security, and other administrative institutions.
• Why governments are generally classed under institutional expenditure, while their infrastructure maintenance and development work still counts as economic expenditure.
• Sales-related spending, such as trading transactions, financial fees, and general financial management — non-economic expenditures that remain necessary for an institution's sustainability.

Module 3: Economic Loss (Waste) Expenditures

• The negative economic value a society carries through spending tied to unemployment, criminal activity, and unethical practices.
• Why these expenditures usually demand intensive physical effort without producing offsetting value.

Module 4: From Effort to Economic Value

• How economic value is defined through the final practical procedures of scientific knowledge as it extends along production lines.
• How scientific discovery contributes to production continuity, keeping the meaning of economic value aligned with the principles of scientific progress.

Arab British Fellowship Training Academy also offers courses such as Improving Trading Transactions and Business Continuity and Crisis Management, which help strengthen the economic value a society adds.