Why do some countries champion free trade while others still argue for protecting their industries? That debate isn't new — it dates back to the earliest classical economists, who split into two camps: one linking growth and welfare to trade liberalisation under specific conditions, the other warning that open trade between advanced and developing states simply transfers economic surplus from the weaker side to the stronger one.

That disagreement produced the classical international trade theories this course explores. In broad terms, international trade covers the exchange of products, services, and production factors between states for mutual benefit, governed by rules on exports, imports, and capital movement — rules overseen today by institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the IMF, and the World Bank.

By the end of this course, participants will be able to:

• Explain the concept and cycle of international trade and why it matters to national economies.
• Identify the factors that shape a country's foreign trade performance.
• Compare the classical international trade theories and the assumptions each one rests on.

This course is designed for:

• Employees of international and multinational companies and organisations.
• Staff of government institutions involved in trade-related work.
• Business owners and investors planning ventures outside their home country.
• Anyone looking to build their expertise in this field.

Module 1: The Foundations of International Trade

• Definition and cycle of international trade between states.
• Why international trade matters for growth and welfare.
• The factors that shape a country's foreign trade performance.

Module 2: The Three Classical Trade Theories

• Absolute Utility Theory — among the oldest trade theories, resting on the idea that a state produces goods with unlimited advantage; rarely achievable in practice given how many developing states lack that absolute advantage in any commodity.
• Relative Utility Theory — defends international specialisation, trade freedom, and the removal of exchange restrictions, though difficult to achieve because rising transformation costs and technological change erode the relative advantage a state enjoys.
• Reciprocal Demand Theory — emerged in the mid-19th century, refuting earlier theories by focusing on productive capacity rather than production costs, and on how demand strength shapes the international exchange ratio; in practice, advanced economies still capture disproportionately larger gains than developing ones.

Training Course Locations: Courses are held in Egypt, Jordan, Malaysia, Turkey, England, France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Australia, and the United States, at times and places that suit your schedule.

Training Program Delivery Styles: group training, individual training, field and practical training under an integrated curriculum, and theoretical classroom training.

What the Participant Receives: An accredited certificate from the Arab British Fellowship Training Academy upon completing the programme.